RACIONAL: Modelos animais são importantes para avaliar a eficácia de antimicrobianos e a validação do sítio de infecção e a carga bacteriana. OBJETIVO: Definir a concentração do inóculo bacteriano, a dose e o tempo de administração de antimicrobianos a fim de validar um modelo experimental para o tratamento de Klebsiella pneumoniae produtora de betalactamase de amplo espectro em sepse letal. MÉTODO: Inóculos de Klebsiella pneumoniae produtora de betalactamase de espectro estendido de 1,5x109 unidades formadoras de colônias por mililitro (UFC/ml) a 2,0x1010 UFC/ml foram administrados via injeção peritoneal em ratos Wistar adultos. Sobrevida e dados microbiológicos de hemoculturas e culturas quantitativas de fluido peritoneal foram avaliados inicialmente em animais não tratados. Animais inoculados com 2,0x1010 UFC/ml foram tratados dose única de meropenem (30mg/kg) e animais inoculados com 1,0x1010 UFC/ml foram tratados imediatamente com meropenem (50 mg/kg) por 24 horas e os desfechos foram avaliados após 24 horas da inoculação. RESULTADOS: Soluções com 1,5 x109 e 6,0x109 UFC/ml não foram letais. Inóculos de 1,0x1010 UFC/ml e de 2,0x1010UFC/ml foram letais em 80% e 100% dos animais respectivamente. Sepse letal (1.0x1010CFU/mL) com tratamento imediato e por 24 horas apresentou 40% de mortalidade, comparada com 80% nos controles (p=0.033). Culturas quantitativas de fluido peritoneal apresentaram ≤104 UFC/ml enquanto que controles sem tratamento apresentaram >105 UFC/ml (p=0.001). CONCLUSÃO: Modelo experimental com inóculo de 1,0x1010UFC/ml submetido ao tratamento imediato e por 24 horas foi capaz de avaliar resposta microbiológica e de sobrevida podendo ser modelo de embasamento e de controle para tratamento de sepse letal por Klebsiella pneumoniae produtora de carbapenemase.

BACKGROUND: Animal models are useful to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobials in experimental sepsis. AIM: To elucidate the steps of producing an experimental model for the treatment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis METHODS: Several ESBL inoculums ranging from 1.5x109 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) to 2.0x1010 CFU/mL were administered by peritoneal injection in adults Wistar rats. Outcomes and microbiological data of quantitative peritoneal and blood cultures were observed in untreated animals. Animals which received 2.0x1010 CFU/mL inoculums were treated with single meropenem dose (30mg/kg) after one hour and those which received 1.0x1010 CFU/mL inoculums were treated immediately with three doses of meropenem 50 mg/kg. Outcomes were observed for 24 hours after inoculation. RESULTS: Solutions with 1.5 x109 and 6.0x109 CFU/mL were not lethal within 24 hours. Inoculums of 1.0x1010 CFU/mL were lethal in 80% and solutions with 2.0x1010 CFU/mL were lethal in 100% of animals. ESBL lethal sepsis (1.0x1010CFU/mL) was treated immediately with 50 mg/kg of meropenem every eight hours for 24 hours and presented 40% mortality compared with 80% mortality of the control group (p=0.033). Quantitative cultures of peritoneal fluid presented 104 CFU/mL or less for treated animals compared to more than 105 for untreated animals (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Inoculums of 1.0x1010CFU/mL achieved the best results to study a model of lethal sepsis and this model of treatment of carbapenem-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae can serve as control to further evaluation of treatment of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae models.

The molecular epidemiology of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC) has been largely investigated, but limited clinical information is available. A case-control study was performed to evaluate the risk factors for KPC bacteremia in hospitalized patients. Cases were patients with KPC bacteremia and controls were patients with non-KPC bacteremia. A total of 85 patients were included, 18 (21.2%) were KPC, and 67 (78.8%) were non-KPC (40 [59.7%] of them were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers). All KPC isolates were type 2 producers. These isolates belong to five distinct clones. Multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 - 1.11; p = 0.004), presence of mechanical ventilation (OR, 11.1; 95% CI, 1.92 - 63.3; p = 0.007) and fluoroquinolone exposure during hospitalization (OR, 28.9; 95% CI, 1.85 - 454.6; p = 0.02) were independent risk factors for KPC in patients with K. pneumoniae bacteremia. Factors associated with severity of illness, such as age and mechanical ventilation, seem to be the main risks factors for KPC. Fluoroquinolones use might be a risk factor for KPC bacteremia. Further investigations on risk factors for KPC are warranted.

INTRODUÇÃO: Apesar de o movimento facial e de a atividade muscular poderem ser quantificados por meio de diversas técnicas e de a inabilidade facial poder ser quantificada por meio de questionários de autoavaliação, a relação entre essas medidas objetivas e subjetivas ainda não foi investigada. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi correlacionar dados eletromiográficos dos músculos elevadores do ângulo da boca com o índice de inabilidade facial em pacientes com paralisia facial de longa duração. A hipótese do estudo foi de que indivíduos com maior assimetria facial apresentariam escores menores no índice de inabilidade facial. MÉTODO: A avaliação consistiu na aplicação de uma escala clínica para avaliação da mímica facial, de duas subescalas do Índice de Inabilidade Facial e da realização do exame de eletromiografia de superfície (EMGs). Foram analisados 17 pacientes com paralisia facial de longa duração e os resultados foram comparados ao grupo controle, composto por 17 indivíduos saudáveis pareados por gênero e idade. RESULTADOS: Os participantes do grupo pesquisa apresentaram diferenças significantes entre as hemifaces nas tarefas de repouso e sorriso. O mesmo não foi observado para os participantes do grupo controle. A análise estatística indicou correlação fraca entre os dados da EMGs (assimetria facial) e o Índice de Inabilidade Facial. CONCLUSÕES: O uso de técnicas científicas modernas de análise de dados, como a EMGs, combinadas a medidas de autoavaliação oferece grandes possibilidades para clínicos e seus pacientes. A combinação de diferentes medidas em estudos randomizados que verifiquem o tipo de tratamento que oferece melhor resultado aos pacientes com paralisia facial deverá ser abordada em estudo futuro.

BACKGROUND: Several techniques are available for the assessment of facial movement and activity, and facial disability can be evaluated through self-administered questionnaires. However, the relationship between these objective and subjective measurements has not been examined to date. The present study examined the relationship between electromyographic data of the levator anguli oris muscle with the facial disability index in patients with long-term facial paralysis. We hypothesized that individuals with greater facial asymmetry have lower facial disability index scores. METHODS: Patients were assessed using a clinical scale for the evaluation of facial expression, 2 facial disability index subscales, and the results of surface electromyography (sEMG). Seventeen long-term facial paralysis patients were analyzed and compared to 17 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: Significant differences between right and left hemifaces during smiling and at rest were detected in the experimental group, but not in the controls. Statistical analyses also indicated a weak correlation between sEMG (facial asymmetry) and facial disability index. CONCLUSIONS: The use of modern data analysis techniques such as sEMG in combination with self-reported data is of great benefit to clinicians and their patients. The identification of a combination of measurements from randomized trials that can best determine the most effective treatment for patients with facial paralysis should be the objective of future studies.

O tratamento da doença de Crohn perineal é feito pela combinação da terapia medicamentosa e da cirúrgica. A terapia biológica é importante devido à eficácia clínica na indução e manutenção de remissão da doença. No entanto, devido à ação imunomoduladora e imunossupressora, o uso de biológicos como infliximabe e adalimumabe eleva o risco de infecções oportunistas. Relatou-se o caso de paciente feminino, 28 anos, diagnosticada com doença de Crohn perineal, em uso de azatioprina e adalimumabe. Há sete dias com tosse seca, febre vespertina e dispneia. Ao exame físico, febril, desidratada, diminuição do murmúrio vesicular nos campos médio e inferior do hemitoráx direito e cicatriz de fistulotomia anorretal sem sinais flogísticos. A radiografia de tórax mostrou derrame pleural em hemitórax direito, e a análise do líquido pleural constatou adenosina deaminase elevada, nível de glicose normal e citologia diferencial com 88% de monomorfonucleares. Foi estabelecido o diagnóstico de tuberculose pleural, e a paciente foi medicada com esquema tríplice (rifampicina, isoniazida e pirazinamida) por seis meses associada à prednisona 40 mg/dia, por um mês, com posterior desmame do corticoide. Atualmente, encontra-se assintomática e em uso de ciprofloxina 1 g/dia para a doença de Crohn perineal.

The Crohn's disease perineal treatment is made by the combination of drug and surgery therapy. The biological therapy is important due to clinical efficacy in inducing and maintaining disease remission. However, because of immunomodulating and immunosuppressive effects, the use of biological as infliximab and adalimumab increases the risk of opportunistic infections. We report a case of a 28-year-old, female patient, diagnosed with Crohn's perineal disease, taking azathioprine and adalimumab, complaining of dry cough, evening fever, and dyspnea for seven days. On physical examination, febrile, dehydrated, decreased, breath sounds in the middle and lower fields of the right hemithorax and scar of anorectal fistulotomy without signs of inflammation. The chest radiograph showed pleural effusion in the right hemithorax, and the analysis of pleural fluid found high levels of adenosine deaminase, normal levels of glucose and cytology differential with 88% of mononuclear cells. With the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis, the patient was treated with triple drug regimen (rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide) for six months associated with prednisone 40 mg/day, for one month, with subsequent weaning of corticosteroid. Currently, she is asymptomatic and in treatment with ciprofloxacin 1 g daily for perineal Crohn's disease.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced morbidity and mortality related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but in spite of this advance, HIV mutations decrease antiretroviral susceptibility, thus contributing to treatment failure in patients. Genotyping HIV-1 allows the selection of new drugs after initial drug failure. This study evaluated the genotypic profile of HIV-1 isolates from treated (drug-experienced) patients in Paraná, Brazil. The prevalence of mutations in reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) genes were assessed. We analyzed 467 genotypes of patients with HIV-1 viral loads above 1,000 copies/mL. Mutations at HIV-1 RT and PR genes and previously used ART regimens were recorded. The most prevalent RT mutations were: 184V (68.31%), 215YF (51.6%), 103NS (46%), 41L (39.4%), 67N (38.54%), 210W (23.5%), 190ASE (23.2%), and 181C (17.4%). PR mutations were 90M (33.33%), 82ATFS (29%), 46I (26.8%) and 54V (22.2%). The prevalence of mutations was in line with previous national and international reports, except to nonnucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors related mutations, which were more prevalent in this study. Previous exposure to antiretroviral drugs was associated with genotypic resistance to specific drugs, leading to treatment failure in HIV patients.

OBJECTIVE: Because epidemiological data on circulating HIV subtypes among HIV-positive patients in the state of Paraná were not known until now, the aims of this study were to describe the genetic diversity profile of HIV-1 in treated patients in Paraná, Brazil, and report the differences in protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations in HIV-1 subtypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2003 to 2006. Plasma viral RNA of 389 patients was extracted and PR and RT genes were polymerase chain reaction-amplified and sequenced. Sequences were subtyped and examined for antiretroviral resistance mutations. Data on gender of patient harboring the viruses and past history of antiretroviral treatment were also collected. RESULTS: Most viruses were either subtype B (61.44%) or subtype C (20.57%). Subtype C and F were more frequent in women (p < 0.00). The prevalence of subtypes was similar over the years studied. The most frequent RT mutations in all subtypes were M184V and mutations at codons 215, 41, 103, 67, 219, and 190. Mutations 41L, 210W, 215YF, and 74V were significantly more prevalent on subtype B, and the mutation 106M was significantly more prevalent on subtype C. The most frequent major PI mutations in all subtypes occurred at codons 46, 82, and 90. PR mutations 32I, 46I, and 84V were significantly more prevalent on subtype B. The minor PI mutations on codons 36, 93, and 63 were more prevalent on subtypes F, C, and B, respectively. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the predominant strain of HIV-1 in Paraná is subtype B, followed by subtype C. Some mutations at PR and TR had subtype predominance in accordance with other authors' report.

OBJETIVO: caracterizar as modificações presentes no comportamento facial após tratamento fonoaudiológico proposto para face, através da comparação das medidas da projeção do sulco nasogeniano ao tragus pré e pós-tratamento fonoaudiológico MÉTODOS: a população foi constituída de 10 professores atendidos no Hospital dos Servidores do Estado de Pernambuco de ambos os sexos, e com idade entre 33 e 63 anos. O processo de coleta de dados consistiu de protocolos de anamnese e avaliação, protocolo de desempenho, além do registro fotográfico. Foi realizada a medida da projeção do sulco nasogeniano ao tragus. Durante dezesseis sessões foram trabalhados exercícios isotônicos, isométricos, isocinéticos, massagens, manipulações faciais, equilíbrio funcional estomatognático, além de orientações aos cuidados faciais. RESULTADOS: foi constatada uma redução das medidas da projeção do sulco nasogeniano ao tragus em ambos os lados, observando-se também um notório equilíbrio entre os lados direito e esquerdo. CONCLUSÃO: o programa de tratamento proposto para face reduziu as medidas da projeção do sulco nasogeniano ao tragus e proporcionou um equilíbrio entre essas medidas.

PURPOSE: to describe the modifications in the face behavior after the speech language pathology treatment proposed for the face, by comparing the measurements of the projection related to the nasolabial sulcus to the tragus of these patients before and after the speech language pathology treatment. METHODS: the surveyed population was mad up by 10 teachers treated at the "Hospital dos Servidores do Estado" aged between 33 and 63 years. Data collection process was made up by protocols, anamnesis and evaluation, performance protocol, in addition to the photographic record. A measurement of the nasolabial sulcus to the tragus was carried out. Throughout the 16-session, we carried on specific orientation about face isotonic, isometric and isokinetic exercises, massages, facial manipulation, functional equilibrium of the stomatognathic system besides the orientations about faces care. RESULTS: a significant reduction in the measurements of the nasolabial sulcus projection to tragus in both sides was verified and also a significant balance was observed between the right and left sides. CONCLUSION: the treatment program proposed for the face reduced the measurements as for the projection the nasolabial sulcus to the tragus and provided balance among such measurements.